EL COMPORTAMIENTO DE LA TUBERCULOSIS EN GHANA / THE BEHAVIOR OF TUBERCULOSIS IN GHANA
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Sin tÃtuloResumen
La tuberculosis es una enfermedad infectocontagiosa causada por la bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis, y representa un serio problema de salud mundial. Se evidencia, a través de la historia, la lucha de muchos paÃses en su afán de contrarrestarla y los estragos que la enfermedad ha causado, provocando innumerables muertes. Se realizó una amplia revisión bibliográfica con el objetivo de conocer. Conocer el comportamiento de la tuberculosis en Ghana, asà como los métodos de diagnóstico, y tratamiento y su eficacia. Para ello, se evaluaron artÃculos de revistas de impacto regional e internacional y se consultaron las bases de datos de sistemas referativos y la Organización Mundial de Salud. Se incluyeron artÃculos y publicaciones de los últimos 5 años que enfocaron estas temáticas de manera integral. Se evidenció que el método más utilizado para el diagnóstico de tuberculosis en Ghana es microscopÃa de frotis de esputo con tinción de Ziehl Neelsen, y la terapia que se aplica es de cuatro antimicrobianos durante seis meses, según lo normado por la Organización Mundial de Salud. La tuberculosis multirresistente no responden a la isoniazida y la rifampicina, sin embargo, las opciones de tratamiento de segunda lÃnea son limitadas y requieren quimioterapia extensa, por un perÃodo de dos años. La no adherencia al tratamiento, la recaÃda y la aparición de cepas multidrogoresistentes, son los principales obstáculos para controlar la epidemia de TB en Ghana.
Palabras clave: Tuberculosis, Diagnóstico, tratamiento, Ghana.
ABSTRACT
Tuberculosis is an infectious and contagious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which represents a serious global health problem. Throughout history, the struggle of many countries in their eagerness to counter it and the ravages that the disease has caused, causing countless deaths, are evident. A literature review was carried out with the objective of knowing the situation of TB in Ghana, exploring the methods of diagnosis and treatment of the disease used and knowing the effectiveness that these methods have had in Ghana. Articles from journals of regional and international impact were evaluated (Ghana Medical Journal, Revista Habana de Ciencias Médicas, African Centers for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Africa cdc for its acronym). Reference systems databases such as infomed, PubMed, scielo and the World Health Organization (WHO) were consulted. Articles in English and Spanish and publications from the last 5 years were included. They approached these issues holistically. Medical Microbology and Parasitology textbooks were also used ( Sherris MicrobiologÃa médica, y MicrobiologÃa y ParasitologÃa Médicas; Llop. Valdés-Dapena. Zuazo). The most commonly used method for TB diagnosis in Ghana is sputum smear microscopy with Ziehl Neelsen stain. TB is treated with a standard 6-month course of 4 antimicrobial drugs. Multidrug-resistant TB does not respond to isoniazid and rifampicin. However, second-line treatment options are limited and require extensive chemotherapy such as a 2-year period of drug treatment. Poor adherence to treatment, which can lead to treatment failure, relapse and the emergence of drug-resistant strains, is one of the obstacles to controlling the TB epidemic.
Keywords: Tuberculosis, diagnosis, treatment, Ghana.
Palabras clave: Tuberculosis, Diagnóstico, tratamiento, Ghana.
ABSTRACT
Tuberculosis is an infectious and contagious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which represents a serious global health problem. Throughout history, the struggle of many countries in their eagerness to counter it and the ravages that the disease has caused, causing countless deaths, are evident. A literature review was carried out with the objective of knowing the situation of TB in Ghana, exploring the methods of diagnosis and treatment of the disease used and knowing the effectiveness that these methods have had in Ghana. Articles from journals of regional and international impact were evaluated (Ghana Medical Journal, Revista Habana de Ciencias Médicas, African Centers for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Africa cdc for its acronym). Reference systems databases such as infomed, PubMed, scielo and the World Health Organization (WHO) were consulted. Articles in English and Spanish and publications from the last 5 years were included. They approached these issues holistically. Medical Microbology and Parasitology textbooks were also used ( Sherris MicrobiologÃa médica, y MicrobiologÃa y ParasitologÃa Médicas; Llop. Valdés-Dapena. Zuazo). The most commonly used method for TB diagnosis in Ghana is sputum smear microscopy with Ziehl Neelsen stain. TB is treated with a standard 6-month course of 4 antimicrobial drugs. Multidrug-resistant TB does not respond to isoniazid and rifampicin. However, second-line treatment options are limited and require extensive chemotherapy such as a 2-year period of drug treatment. Poor adherence to treatment, which can lead to treatment failure, relapse and the emergence of drug-resistant strains, is one of the obstacles to controlling the TB epidemic.
Keywords: Tuberculosis, diagnosis, treatment, Ghana.
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