Comportamiento y evolución de la meningitis meningocócica en el cinturón africano / Behavior and evolution of meningitis meningococci in the African beltt

Dionlar Dionmadji Succes, Hervine Grace Charlotte Massamba, Dra. C. Isabel F. Martínez Motas

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Resumen

Durante más de un siglo, la meningitis meningocócica epidémica ha ocurrido regularmente en los países que integran el cinturón africano, donde predominaba como agente causal Neisseria meningitidis del serogrupo A. Los intentos de controlar las epidemias de meningitis meningocócica en la región del África subsahariana mediante la vacunación no han mostrado el éxito esperado; debido en gran medida a que las vacunas polisacarídicas aplicadas contra la enfermedad meningocócica son poco inmunogénicas en niños pequeños, no inducen buena memoria inmunológica y tienen poco efecto sobre los portadores de N. meningitidis. La vacuna conjugada contra el serogrupo A (MenAfriVac) desarrollada entre 2001 y 2009, se aplicó en 2010 a 262 millones de individuos de esa región. Los beneficios para la salud pública obtenidos fueron la disminución de casos por el serogrupo A en los países que integran el “cinturón de la meningitis”. Sin embargo, en la epidemia de meningitis meningocócica ocurrida en 2015, se observa el reemplazo del serogrupo A por el serogrupo C en Níger y Nigeria. Por la importancia que reviste la enfermedad meningocócica en el África subsahariana este trabajo se centra en describir el comportamiento y la evolución de la misma en la región correspondiente al “cinturón de la meningitis”. Palabras clave: Neisseria meningitidis; enfermedad meningocócica; vacunas.

Abstract
For more than a century, the Meningitis meningococci epidemic has occurred in countries that make up the African belt where the dominant agent Neisseria Meningitidis from serum group A resides. The efforts to control the epidemic in the sub-Saharan region through immunization have not shown the results expected. In part because the vaccines are made from polysaccharides that are not immunogenic for small children, do not induce good immunologic memory and have little effect on the agents of Neisseria meningitidis. Between 2001 and 2009 a vaccine against serum group A (MenAfriVac) was developed and was applied in 2010 to 262 million individuals of this region. The results obtained were a lower number of cases with serum group A positive individuals in the countries that make up the affected African belt. However, the meningitis meningococcal epidemic of 2015 observed a change from serum group A to serum group C in Niger and Nigeria. Due to the importance of meningococcal disease in sub-Saharan Africa this paper will center on describing the behavior and the evolution of this region in relation to the meningitis belt. Key words: Neisseria meningitidis; meningococcal disease; vaccines; immunizations.

Palabras clave

Neisseria meningitidis, enfermedad meningocócica, vacunas

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